ASBOG Practice Exam 2026 – Complete Preparation Guide

Igneous rock is produced as a direct result of volcanic activity, specifically through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. When magma escapes from the earth's interior and erupts onto the surface, it is referred to as lava, and as it cools, it crystallizes to form igneous rock. This process can occur either beneath the Earth's surface, producing intrusive igneous rock, or at the surface, yielding extrusive igneous rock.

Sedimentary rock forms from the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles, typically over long periods, and is not directly related to volcanic processes. Metamorphic rock results from the alteration of existing rock types under conditions of high pressure and temperature, which again is unrelated to volcanic activity. The term "transformational rock" is not recognized in geological classification, making it an invalid option in this context. Therefore, the connection between igneous rock and volcanic activity is clear and foundational in understanding the rock cycle.